Antibiotic Resistance: The challenges posed by antibiotic resistance and the role of pharmacists in combating this global issue

antibiotic resistance

What is antibiotic Resistance ? 

Antibiotic resistance is also known as drug resistance; it is a term that describes a bacterium’s ability to reach a stage where it becomes immune to antibiotics that should have destroyed the specific bacteria or even inhibited its growth. The most alarming anthropogenic menace in the modern world is the emergence and spread of ‘superbugs’ among infectious microbial communities. Such organisms possess the ability to survive and reproduce even under adverse conditions — the presence of antibiotic drugs within many populations thankfully retains a sizable penetration potential but newer infections are pushing meaning that global primacy for antibiotic use is under threat. Antibiotic resistance can be genetic in nature, which means that the bacteria themselves evolve through natural mutations. Such mutations occur over time leading to structural changes that provide new characteristics of resistance against antibiotics. The android characteristic is the ability of bacteria to acquire additional genes responsible for providing resistance from other vast pools of bacteria. The most prevalent of which are vegetative in nature leading to uncomplicated infections like pneumonia, tuberculosis and urinary tract infections.

A major contributing factor for developing resistance is the over use and mismanagement of antibiotics. A clear factor is ’excessive prescription’ from healthcare professionals or even self-prescription wherein the patient consumes antibiotics without seeking professional help. The situation is worsened further due to the aggressive use of antibiotics within animal husbandry; especially in the cases of prophylaxis or to promote growth. Oftentimes antibiotics are disbanded before treatment or take an incorrect dosage allowing low antibiotic concentrations which put adequate stress to cause selective pressure on the bacterial population to adapt.

Bacterial vectors capable of mediating antibiotic resistance may escape domestication and be expelled into the environment which together only makes the situation worse. For musical structuring, antibiotic resistance genes are pervasive in soil and water and from the treated animals they may reach humans by means of the food chain.

Causes of Antibiotic Resistance 

In India, the causes of antimicrobial resistance include:

Overuse of Antibiotics: The easy availability of over-the-counter antibiotics without a prescription results in misuse.

Mismanagement in Healthcare: The Over prescription by healthcare providers is usually caused by ignorance or pressure from patients; this later leads to resistance.

Agricultural Practices:  The practice of giving antibiotics to chickens and farm animals to boost their growth plays a part in a loop of pollution that affects food safety and the environment. In India many infections are tied to germs that can fight off drugs, like Klebsiella pneumoniae. This germ often causes infections in hospitals and has learned to resist many common antibiotics, which makes it hard for doctors to treat.

The impact of antibiotic resistance in India is acute. It leads to prolonged illness, escalated treatment cost, and increased risk of mortality among patients. Besides, rising resistance against penicillin antibiotics and other first-line drugs further impairs India’s capability to manage effectively against ordinary bacterial infections.

Challenges in antibiotic resistance 

  1. Threat to Public Health The pandemic of antibiotic resistance is a disease as it reduces available options for treating bacterial infections. Patients suffering from pneumonia, tuberculosis, urinary tract infections, and blood infections become more challenging since they need longer treatment and have higher death rates. Resistant pathogens, for example klebsiella pneumonia infections, are usually incurred at high costs and more toxic therapy.
  2. Overuse and Misuse of Antibiotics Undoubtedly, antibiotics have been overprescribed which is a significant contributor to the development of drug resistance. Misuse of Antibiotics includes prescriptions that patients obtain for themselves or are prescribed antibiotics for flu and cold viruses despite their ineffectiveness which encourages the development of resistance in bacteria. In farming practice, antibiotic use is high as it increases livestock growth and finds its way into the food and the environment leading to antibacterial drug resistance.
  3. Rise of Superbugs The term super bugs is used because these are bacterial strains that can conquer a large number of antibiotics and therefore there are limited treatment options for the practitioners if any at all. These pathogens tend to multiply in a very wasteful way in hospitals and communities and cross continental borders making the control of such infections an issue of global concern.

The Role of Pharmacists in India

Professional pharmacists have an appreciable advantage when it comes to addressing the crisis of antibiotic resistance in India. Their contribution is crucial on the frontlines of these critical health concerns of antimicrobial resistance and infection control.

Public Awareness Campaigns

Pharmacists can help patients to appreciate what antibiotic resistance is all about and encourage the completion of antibiotic courses while avoiding self-medication. Campaigns are particularly relevant in rural locations where knowledge levels are very poor.

Promoting Rational Antibiotic Use

Pulled in partnership with physicians, pharmacists also ensure that the correct antibiotics are prescribed in the appropriate dosages only. For instance, they argue that antibiotics should not be administered to somebody suffering from a viral infection like a cold or the flu because it will not work.

Surveillance and Monitoring

Pharmacists in India  play an important role in the monitoring of antibiotic consumption and the resistance trends among the strains. This data will be useful in the country’s foothold in the fight against antimicrobial resistance within the context of WHO guidelines.

Improving Access to Infection Control

Pharmacists may advocate for helping to promote the awareness of the importance of proper hygiene, vaccination, and any other known effective strategies that prevent infection. Proper hygiene measures reduce the transmission of drug resistant strains of microorganisms.

Conclusion

India opines a huge challenge of fighting against antibiotic resistance. Superbugs and increasing resistance will undermine the decades’ passage of medical progress. But with an effective role played by pharmacists and a national dedication to fight against antimicrobial resistance, India can manage the spread of drug-resistant bacteria’s spread. With public education, better healthcare practices, and research support, India can preserve antibiotics’ effectiveness for generations to come.

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Career Options For D.Pharma Graduates In 2025

Career Options For D.Pharma Graduates In 2025

Career Options For D.Pharma Graduates In 2025

Do you also belong to the group of D. Pharma graduates who have recently completed the D. Pharma course and are in a dilemma about what to do next? Well, it is a common but relevant doubt that can help you find the best career option in the same field. Various students get familiar with this query after completing the course and explore various sources and seek help from professionals to get a satisfactory answer. 

As you are also facing the same issue and might have followed the usual pattern of exploration, we are here to help you out. To provide you with support and give you the right direction, we have gathered some of the relevant information regarding your doubt. You can thoroughly check the same and give a clearance to your mind. We have explained some of the Jobs after D.Pharma that you can look for and choose the best among all. 

Exciting Career Options That You Should Access 

After completing the D Pharma course, the students generally fall into the trap of doubts related to career options and jobs. So are you? If yes, then you can check the job and career options given below. This will help you to figure out what is best you can have without worrying much. 

Career options 

Description 

Salary 

Pharmacists

It is about a healthcare professional who holds the expertise in medicines, such as how to use and check them, and refer them to any patient. 

A pharmacist earns an average of INR 2.8 LPA

Laboratory Assistant 

A person who works in a laboratory is known as a laboratory assistant. The responsibility of the assistant is to conduct tests, keep the samples ready, and make relevant data based on the performed task. It is one of the fantastic Jobs after D.Pharma that you can choose without any doubt. 

A laboratory assistant gets a salary of INR 3LPA

Pharmaceutical Executives

The role of the pharmaceutical executives is to check the governmental laws, business, and different strategies for the audience of biopharmaceutical and pharmaceutical professionals. 

The average salary of the pharmaceutical executives is INR 4.4 LPA.

Medical Transcriptionists

The major responsibility of the medical transcriptionists is to use technology in order to change the audio recording of the doctors and healthcare in the form of official reports. 

The average salary of the medical transcriptionists is INR 3.7 LPA. 

Scientific Officers 

The key role of the scientific officers is to conduct research and development in the scientific research area or in a laboratory. If you are one of the D. Pharma graduates, you can look for it. 

The average salary of the scientific officers is INR 3.8 LPA. 

Clinical Research And Drug Safety Officer 

The role of the clinical research and safety officer is to check the safety of the pharmaceutical products and ensure their effectiveness it too. 

The average salary of the officer is INR 20-21 LPA 

Medical coding and pharmacovigilance officer 

The duty of the medical coding and pharmacovigilance officer is to translate the information related to the medical into standardized codes. Along with this, he/she also monitor and ensures the safety of the medications. 

The average salary of a pharmacovigilance officer is 2.5 to 5 LPA 

hospital pharmacy director 

A hospital pharmacy director is a senior who oversees all the operations of the pharmacy in a hospital’s organization. He/she holds the responsibility of running the pharmacy services effectively, caring for patients with a lot of care, and complying with regulations. 

The average salary of the director of pharmacy is 83,337 inr 

Pharmaceutical firms 

A pharmaceutical firm plays an important role in the healthcare industry. He/she is responsible for manufacturing, researching, developing, and marketing medications in order to treat different kinds of diseases. 

The average salary of the pharmaceutical firms falls between 2,11,652 to 71,151 inr per month. 

At The End! 

Hope you have got the clearance regarding the  Jobs after D.Pharma and must be ready to get any of them after becoming a part of the D. Pharma graduates. You can prefer any of the career options that suit your preference and passion, and can help in grow fast. So go for the best and have a wealthy career in order to serve the best from your end. You can also look for the same course at KIITS, the best Pharmacy college in Dehradun. It provides high-quality education and fulfills every necessity that is required for building a better career. For more clarity, you can connect with any of the career counselors and seek help to solve the doubt and minimize stress.

The Role of WHO Guidelines in Pharmaceutical Regulations

The Role of WHO Guidelines in Pharmaceutical Regulations

The Role of WHO Guidelines in Pharmaceutical Regulations

Yes, you’re taking a medicine – but how are you so sure that it will function properly and not harm you? Have you ever thought as to how countries make sure that medicines are safe and effective? This is where the role of the World Health Organization fits in.

The WHO is required to create global guidelines that help the countries regulate medicines. These very WHO guidelines are then used by governments, pharmaceutical companies, and health agencies all over the world. Let us now explore how WHO guidelines work and why they are so important.

What is the WHO?

Being a part of the United Nations, WHO was established to help countries improve their public health. One of the main goals of WHO is to make sure that everyone, everywhere around the globe, has access to safe, effective, and affordable medicines.

And because of this WHO publishes guidelines – sets or rules and best practices – for how medicines should be made, tested, approved, and monitored.

 Why do we need guidelines?

Making medicines is a very complex process, and if anything goes wrong – whether during manufacturing or testing – it can become very dangerous. For example, a medicine might not work properly, or worse it could harm people.

With WHO guidelines, one ensures that every step in the process meets high standards, no matter where the medicine is being made.

 Helping Countries With Fewer Resources

We all know that not every country has a strong system to regulate and check medicines. This is mostly in the case of developing nations. The WHO guidelines act like a manual that these developing countries can use to set up their own rules and systems. This basically implies that even places with limited resources, people can get medicines that are safe and reliable.

WHO Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP)

One of the most core sets of WHO guidelines is called Good Manufacturing Practices. These are good instructions on how to make medicines properly – keeping them clean, storing them safely, and also checking their quality regularly. If there is a company that wants to sell medicines in multiple countries, then they will have to follow the WHO GMP rules. Let us adhere to the Global drug regulations.

WHO Prequalification Program

Another very important part of the WHO’s work is the prequalification program. This very program checks if a medicine or vaccine meets WHO standards. If the medicine does meet the standard then it becomes prequalified, which means other countries and health organizations can trust it without the need to test it all over again. Thanks to this, the process of getting important medicines is speeded up.

Building Stronger Health Systems

The WHO doesn’t just write guidelines and leave it at that. It also works with many countries to train people, set up systems, and also provide technical support. This very process helps countries to build stronger healthcare and regulatory systems in the long run. We should know that when regulators are better trained and systems are improved, people are less likely to be harmed by fake or poor quality medicines.

Keeping Medicines Safe Even After They’re Approved

It’s important to know that medicines don’t stop being monitored after they are approved. The WHO also promotes pharmacovigilance – a system that tracks side effects or problems after the medicines are in use. This very way, if a medicine starts to cause unexpected side effects, then authorities can quickly take action to fix the problem or even remove the medicine from the market

Helping Countries Strengthen Their Systems

Besides offering technical guidelines, WHO also supports countries directly. This includes:

  • Training regulatory staff: The World Health Organization (WHO) conducts various training programs for regulatory staff, particularly those involved in health product regulation
  • Conducting joint assessments: WHO conducts joint assessments in collaboration with National Regulatory Authorities
  • The World Health Organization (WHO) actively helps governments establish and strengthen National Regulatory Authorities (NRAs) to ensure the quality, safety, and efficacy of health products

Challenges and the Way Forward

While WHO guidelines are widely respected, there are still a few challenges

  • Some countries fail to implement the guidelines fully due to lack of funding or trained staff
  • There can be cultural or political differences that may delay policy adoption
  • Also in emergencies like the pandemic, fast adaptation of the guidelines can be very difficult.

To make sure to address these, WHO continues to evolve its approach by:

  • Updating guidelines based on new scientific evidence
  • Using digital tools to support faster implementation
  • Offering more flexible, context specific recommendations.

Final Thoughts:

Given all that has been said so far, it is clear that WHO plays an essential role in ensuring  Global drug regulations, and making sure that medicines around the world are safe, effective, and of high quality. Yes, WHO’s contributions are felt at every stage of the pharmaceutical journey.

KIITS Institute of B.Pharm located in Dehradun is one of the top pharmacy colleges in Uttarakhand, popular for its brilliance in pharmaceutical education and research. We offer a B.Pharm program where students benefit from world-class faculty, our facilities, and curriculum design. With our institute, one can soar high and make a difference in the pharmaceutical world!

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